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Traditional timmerhus: uninsulated log wall with interior boards, tarred building paper and board-and-batten cladding.

Turn-of-the-century house (sekelskifte): vertical plank frame wrapped in building paper on both sides, with standing wood panel outside.

Funkis house: timber frame insulated with wood shavings, soft fibreboard inside and asphalt-impregnated board outside.

Post-war småhus: timber frame with early mineral wool, hardboard inside, asphalt paper as vapour retarder and wood panel outside.

Single-leaf wall of autoclaved aerated concrete (lättbetong, Siporex/Ytong) with plaster inside and mineral render outside.

Rekordåren småhus with tegelfasad: plasterboard, PE foil and mineral-wool insulated timber frame behind a brick veneer.

SBN 75/80 house built after the oil crisis: 145 mm timber frame plus horizontal outer studs, PE foil and wind barrier board.

Common retrofit (tilläggsisolering): a 1970s timber frame wall with an extra 70 mm of mineral wool and new wind barrier and panel outside.

Current timber frame wall (regelvägg) with the vapour barrier protected behind an insulated service layer.

Diffusion-open passive-house style wall: cellulose between I-joists, smart vapour retarder and wood fibre board as wind barrier.